Description of Deefgea piscis sp. nov., and Deefgea tanakiae sp. nov., isolated from the gut of Korean indigenous fish.

Three novel strains, (D17T, D13, and D25T) isolated from the gut of the Korean dark sleeper (Odontobutis platycephala), Kumgang fat minnow (Rhynchocypris kumgangensis), and the Korean oily bitterling (Tanakia koreensis) were identified as two novel species. Strains D17T and D13 showed the highest similarities in 16S rRNA gene and complete genome sequences to Deefgea rivuli WB 3.4-79T (98.0% and 97.9%, respectively, of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 77.8% and 77.7%, respectively, of orthologous average nucleotide identity, OrthoANI, and 21.9% and 21.9%, respectively, of digital DNA-DNA hybridization, dDDH). Strain D17T showed the highest similarities in 16S rRNA gene and complete genome sequences to D13 (99.9% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 91.8% of OrthoANI, and 45.1% of dDDH); therefore, strains D17T and D13 were assigned as the same species. Strain D25T showed the highest similarities in 16S rRNA gene and complete genome sequences to D. chitinilytica Nsw-4T (98.2% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, 82.4% of OrthoANI, and 25.1% of dDDH). Strains D17T and D13 were Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobes, rod-shaped, non-motile, and non-flagellated. Strain D25T was Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobe, rod-shaped, and motile by a single polar flagellum. These strains had C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) as the major cellular fatty acids and possessed Q-8 as a major respiratory ubiquinone. All three strains contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. Based on polyphasic taxonomic data, strains D17T, D13, and D25T represent two novel species of the genus Deefgea. We propose the name Deefgea piscis sp. nov. for strains D17T (= KCTC 82958T = JCM 34941T) and D13 (= KCTC 92368), and Deefgea tanakiae sp. nov. for strain D25T (= KCTC 82959T = JCM 34942T).

LIM Homeobox Transcription Factor 1-ß Expression is Upregulated in Patients with Osteolysis after Total Ankle Arthroplasty and Inhibits Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation in Vitro.

BACKGROUND: Osteolysis is one of the most common problems that occurs after total hip and knee arthroplasty and has recently become a significant problem after total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). In this study, we investigated the role of LIM homeobox transcription factor 1-ß (Lmx1b) in osteoclast differentiation. By evaluating the expression profiles associated with osteolysis following TAA treatment, Lmx1b was found to be differentially expressed in patients with osteolysis after TAA. METHODS: To identify the important genes associated with osteolysis after TAA, RNA sequencing was performed by analyzing 8 patient samples: 5 primary TAA samples (control group) and 3 TAA samples revised for flexion instability (osteolysis group). By analyzing the differentially expressed genes and gene ontologies, Lmx1b expression was found to be upregulated in the osteolysis group compared to that in the control group. Focusing on the role of Lmx1b in bone cells, Lmx1b was overexpressed by a retrovirus in osteoclast precursor cells. The cultured cells were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and the expression of osteoclast-related genes was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Lmx1b overexpression in osteoclast precursors suppresses osteoclast formation and resorptive activity. The expression of osteoclast marker genes was significantly reduced during osteoclast differentiation by Lmx1b overexpression. Furthermore, Lmx1b is associated with nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1) and inhibited NFATc1 translocation into the nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide novel insights into the anti-bone resorptive effect of Lmx1b on osteolysis after TAA and may lead to the development of effective preventative and therapeutic strategies for peri-implant osteolysis.

Parasphingorhabdus cellanae sp. nov., isolated from the gut of a Korean limpet, Cellana toreuma.

A novel bacterium, designated strain JHSY0214T, was isolated from the gut of a Korean limpet, Cellana toreuma. Cells of strain JHSY0214T were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, yellow-pigmented, non-spore-forming, non-motile and showed a rod-coccus growth cycle. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Parasphingorhabdus, and was most closely related to Parasphingorhabdus litoris KCTC 12764T (98.71 %). Strain JHSY0214T had two fluoroquinolone-resistance genes and seven multidrug-resistance efflux pump genes, but did not have beta-lactamase genes and zinc resistance genes compared with P. litoris KCTC 12764T. Strain JHSY0214T grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain JHSY0214T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c; 41.2 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c; 21 %) and C16 : 0 (18.9 %). The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10. The major polar lipids were sphingoglycolipid and phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content was 52.8 mol%. Based on phylogenetic, genotypic and phenotypic data, strain JHSY0214T represents a novel species of the genus Parasphingorhabdus, for which the name Parasphingorhabdus cellanae is proposed. The type strain is JHSY0214T (=KCTC 82387T=DSM 112279T).

Description of Flavobacterium cyclinae sp. nov. and Flavobacterium channae sp. nov., isolated from the intestines of Cyclina sinensis (Corb shell) and Channa argus (Northern snakehead).

Two novel bacterial strains, KSM-R2A25T and KSM-R2A30T, were isolated from intestines of Cyclina sinensis (corb shell) and Channa argus (northern snakehead), respectively. Both specimens were collected in Korea. The strains were Gramstain-negative, non-motile, and strictly aerobic. According to phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strains belonged to the genus Flavobacterium within the family Flavobacteriaceae. 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains KSM-R2A25T and KSM-R2A30T were closely related to Flavobacterium cucumis DSM 18830T and Flavobacterium aquaticum JC164T with sequence similarities of 97.77% and 98.54%, respectively. Further genomic analyses including reconstruction of the UBCG tree and overall genome-related indices suggested them as novel species of the genus Flavobacterium. Both strains contained menaquinone with six isoprene units (MK-6) as a major isoprenoid quinone and iso-C15:1 G, iso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0 as major cellular fatty acids. The major polar lipid in both strains was phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic G + C contents of strains KSM-R2A25T and KSM-R2A30T were 31.7 and 31.9%, respectively. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic study presented here, strains KSM-R2A25T and KSM-R2A30T represent novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the names Flavobacterium cyclinae sp. nov and Flavobacterium channae sp. nov are proposed. The type strains of F. cyclinae sp. nov and F. channae sp. nov are KSM-R2A25T (= KCTC 82978T = JCM 34997T) and KSM-R2A30T (= KCTC 82979T = JCM 34998T), respectively.

Arginine-mediated gut microbiome remodeling promotes host pulmonary immune defense against nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary diseases (NTM-PDs) are emerging as global health threats with issues of antibiotic resistance. Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut-lung axis may provide novel candidates for host-directed therapeutics against various infectious diseases. However, little is known about the gut-lung axis in the context of host protective immunity to identify new therapeutics for NTM-PDs. This study was performed to identify gut microbes and metabolites capable of conferring pulmonary immunity to NTM-PDs. Using metabolomics analysis of sera from NTM-PD patients and mouse models, we showed that the levels of l-arginine were decreased in sera from NTM-PD patients and NTM-infected mice. Oral administration of l-arginine significantly enhanced pulmonary antimicrobial activities with the expansion of IFN-γ-producing effector T cells and a shift to microbicidal (M1) macrophages in the lungs of NTM-PD model mice. Mice that received fecal microbiota transplants from l-arginine-treated mice showed increased protective host defense in the lungs against NTM-PD, whereas l-arginine-induced pulmonary host defense was attenuated in mice treated with antibiotics. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we further showed that l-arginine administration resulted in enrichment of the gut microbiota composition with Bifidobacterium species. Notably, oral treatment with either Bifidobacterium pseudolongum or inosine enhanced antimicrobial pulmonary immune defense against NTM infection, even with multidrug-resistant clinical NTM strains. Our findings indicate that l-arginine-induced gut microbiota remodeling with enrichment of B. pseudolongum boosts pulmonary immune defense against NTM infection by driving the protective gut-lung axis in vivo.

Transcription Factor Lmx1b Negatively Regulates Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Formation.

The LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Lmx1b plays a key role in body pattern formation during development. Although Lmx1b is essential for the normal development of multiple tissues, its regulatory mechanism in bone cells remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Lmx1b negatively regulates bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced osteoblast differentiation. Overexpressed Lmx1b in the osteoblast precursor cells inhibited alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and nodule formation, as well as the expression of osteoblast maker genes, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (Alpl), bone sialoprotein (Ibsp), and osteocalcin (Bglap). Conversely, the knockdown of Lmx1b in the osteoblast precursors enhanced the osteoblast differentiation and function. Lmx1b physically interacted with and repressed the transcriptional activity of Runx2 by reducing the recruitment of Runx2 to the promoter region of its target genes. In vivo analysis of BMP2-induced ectopic bone formation revealed that the knockdown of Lmx1b promoted osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration. Our data demonstrate that Lmx1b negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function through regulation of Runx2 and provides a molecular basis for therapeutic targets for bone diseases.

Description of Polaribacter batillariae sp. nov., Polaribacter cellanae sp. nov., and Polaribacter pectinis sp. nov., novel bacteria isolated from the gut of three types of South Korean shellfish.

Three aerobic, Gram-negative, and rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated strains G4M1T, SM13T, and L12M9T, were isolated from the gut of Batillaria multiformis, Cellana toreuma, and Patinopecten yessoensis collected from the Yellow Sea in South Korea. All the strains grew optimally at 25°C, in the presence of 2% (w/v) NaCl, and at pH 7. These three strains, which belonged to the genus Polaribacter in the family Flavobacteriaceae, shared < 98.8% in 16S rRNA gene sequence and < 86.68% in whole-genome sequence with each other. Compared with the type strains of Polaribacter, isolates showed the highest sequence similarity to P. haliotis KCTC 52418T (< 98.68%), followed by P. litorisediminis KCTC 52500T (< 98.13%). All the strains contained MK-6 as their predominant menaquinone and iso-C15:0 as their major fatty acid. Moreover, all the strains had phosphatidylethanolamine as their polar lipid component. In addition, strain G4M1T had two unidentified lipids and three unidentified aminolipids, strain SM13T had three unidentified lipids and three unidentified aminolipids, and strain L12M9T had three unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G + C contents of strains G4M1T, SM13T, and L12M9T were 31.0, 30.4, and 29.7 mol%, respectively. Based on phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic findings, strains G4M1T (= KCTC 82388T = DSM 112372T), SM13T (= KCTC 82389T = DSM 112373T), and L12M9T (= KCTC 62751T = DSM 112374T) were classified into the genus Polaribacter as the type strains of novel species, for which the names Polaribacter batillariae sp. nov., Polaribacter cellanae sp. nov., and Polaribacter pectinis sp. nov., respectively, have been proposed.

Nocardioides palaemonis sp. nov. and Tessaracoccus palaemonis sp. nov., isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of lake prawn.

Two novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile and non-spore-forming bacterial strains, designated J2M5T and J1M15T, were isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of a lake prawn Palaemon paucidens. Strain J2M5T was an obligately aerobic bacterium that formed milky-coloured colonies and showed a rod-coccus cell cycle, while strain J1M15T was a facultatively aerobic bacterium that formed orangish-yellow-coloured colonies and showed rod-shaped cells. Strains J2M5T and J1M15T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Nocardioides ganghwensis JC2055T (98.63 %) and Tessaracoccus flavescens SST-39T (98.08 %), respectively. The whole-genome sequence of strain J2M5T was 4.52 Mbp in size and the genomic G+C content directly calculated from the genome sequence of strain J2M5T was 72.5 mol%. The whole-genome sequence of strain J1M15T was 3.20 Mbp in size and the genomic G+C content directly calculated from the genome sequence of strain J1M15T was 69.6mol %. Strains J2M5T and J1M15T showed high OrthoANI similarity to N. ganghwensis JC2055T (83.6 %) and T. flavescens (77.2 %), respectively. We analysed the genome sequences of strains J2M5T and J1M15T in terms of carbohydrate-active enzymes, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factor genes. Strains J2M5T and J1M15T contained MK-8 (H4) and MK-9 (H4) as the predominant respiratory quinones, respectively. The major polar lipids of both strains were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Additionally, strain J2M5T possessed phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The cellular sugar components of strain J2M5T were ribose, mannose, glucose and galactose, and its cellular amino acid components were l-alanine and l-lysine. The cellular sugar components of strain J1M15T were rhamnose, ribose, mannose and glucose, and its cellular amino acid component was l-alanine. The major cellular fatty acids of strains J2M5T and J1M15T were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0, respectively. The multiple taxonomic analyses indicated that strains J2M5T and J1M15T represent novel species of the genus Nocardioides and Tessaracoccus, respectively. We propose the names Nocardioides palaemonis sp. nov. and Tessaracoccus palaemonis sp. nov. for strain J2M5T (=KCTC 49461T=CCUG 74767T) and strain J1M15T (=KCTC 49462T=CCUG 74766T), respectively.

Description of Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov., and Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the endangered and near-threatened birds.

Phenotypic and genomic analyses were performed to characterize two novel species, H23M54T and AMA3305T, isolated from the faeces of the Oriental stork (Ciconia boyciana) and the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), respectively. Strains H23M54T and AMA3305T showed the highest similarities of 16S rRNA gene sequences and complete genome sequences with Ornithinimicrobium cavernae CFH 30183T (98.5% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.1% of average nucleotide identity, ANI) and O. pekingense DSM 21552T (98.5% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and 82.3% of ANI), respectively. Both strains were Gram-stain-positive, obligate aerobes, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and coccoid- and rodshaped. Strain H23M54T grew optimally at 25-30°C and pH 8.0 and in the presence of 1.5-2% (wt/vol) NaCl, while strain AMA3305T grew optimally at 30°C and pH 7.0 and in the presence of 1-3% (wt/vol) NaCl. Both strains had iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and summed feature 9 (iso-C17:1ω9c and/or C16:0 10-methyl) as major cellular fatty acids. MK-8 (H4) was identified as the primary respiratory quinone in both strains. Strains H23M54T and AMA3305T possessed diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as major polar lipids. Moreover, strains H23M54T and AMA3305T commonly contained ribose and glucose as major sugars and L-ornithine, L-alanine, glycine, and aspartic acid as major amino acids. The polyphasic taxonomic data indicate that strains H23M54T and AMA3305T represent novel species of the genus Ornithinimicrobium. We propose the names Ornithinimicrobium ciconiae sp. nov. and Ornithinimicrobium avium sp. nov. for strains H23M54T (= KCTC 49151T = JCM 33221T) and AMA3305T (= KCTC 49180T = JCM 32873T), respectively.

Chitinibacter bivalviorum sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the freshwater mussel Anodonta arcaeformis.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium with a single polar flagellum, designated strain 2T18T, was isolated from the gut of the freshwater mussel Anodonta arcaeformis collected in the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain belonged to the genus Chitinibacter. Strain 2T18T formed a monophyletic clade with Chitinibacter fontanus KCTC 42982T, C. tainanensis KACC 11706T and C. alvei KCTC 23839T, with sequence similarities of 98.5, 98.4 and 95.9 %, respectively. Strain 2T18T exhibited optimal growth at 30 °C, at pH 8 and with 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c and/or C16 : 1 ω7c) and C16 : 0. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid, three unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 50.6 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strains 2T18T and C. fontanus KCTC 42982T were below the thresholds used for the delineation of a novel species. Based on the phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, strain 2T18T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinibacter, for which the name Chitinibacter bivalviorum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2T18T (=KCTC 72821T=CCUG 74764T).

Mitofusin-2 boosts innate immunity through the maintenance of aerobic glycolysis and activation of xenophagy in mice.

Mitochondrial function and innate immunity are intimately linked; however, the mechanisms how mitochondrion-shaping proteins regulate innate host defense remains largely unknown. Herein we show that mitofusin-2 (MFN2), a mitochondrial fusion protein, promotes innate host defense through the maintenance of aerobic glycolysis and xenophagy via hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α during intracellular bacterial infection. Myeloid-specific MFN2 deficiency in mice impaired the antimicrobial and inflammatory responses against mycobacterial and listerial infection. Mechanistically, MFN2 was required for the enhancement of inflammatory signaling through optimal induction of aerobic glycolysis via HIF-1α, which is activated by mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I and reactive oxygen species, in macrophages. MFN2 did not impact mitophagy during infection; however, it promoted xenophagy activation through HIF-1α. In addition, MFN2 interacted with the late endosomal protein Rab7, to facilitate xenophagy during mycobacterial infection. Our findings reveal the mechanistic regulations by which MFN2 tailors the innate host defense through coordinated control of immunometabolism and xenophagy via HIF-1α during bacterial infection.

Brevilactibacter coleopterorum sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of the dark diving beetle Hydrophilus acuminatus, and Weissella coleopterorum sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of the diving beetle Cybister lewisianus.

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize two novel bacterial strains, designated as HDW11T and HDW19T, isolated from intestine samples of the dark diving beetle Hydrophilus acuminatus and the diving beetle Cybister lewisianus, respectively. Both isolates were Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic and non-motile. Strain HDW11T grew optimally at 30 °C, pH 8 and in the presence of 1% (w/v) NaCl. Strain HDW19T grew optimally at 25 °C, pH 7 and in the presence of 0.3% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genome sequences revealed that strain HDW11T is a member of the genus Brevilactibacter and is closely related to Brevilactibacter flavus VG341T [with 97.9% 16S rRNA sequence identity and 79.1% average nucleotide identity (ANI)], and that strain HDW19T belongs to the genus Weissella and is closely related to W. koreensis KCTC 3621T (with 98.9% 16S rRNA sequence identity and 79.5% ANI). The major cellular fatty acids of strains HDW11T and HDW19T were C18:1 ω9c and anteiso-C15:0, respectively. The sole respiratory quinone of strain HDW11T was MK-9 (H4). The major polar lipid components of strain HDW11T were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, and the major polar lipid component of strain HDW19T was diphosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content of strains HDW11T and HDW19T were 72.1 and 37.2 mol%, respectively. The results of phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses suggest that strain HDW11T represents a novel species within the genus Brevilactibacter, and that strain HDW19T represents a novel species within the genus Weissella. We propose the name Brevilactibacter coleopterorum sp. nov. for strain HDW11T (=KACC 21335T=KCTC 49320T=JCM 33680T) and the name Weissella coleopterorum for strain HDW19T (=KACC 21347T=KCTC 43114T=JCM 33684T).

Tessaracoccus coleopterorum sp. nov., isolated from the intestine of the dark diving beetle, Hydrophilus acuminatus.

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize a novel bacterium, designated as strain HDW20T, isolated from the intestine of the dark diving beetle Hydrophilus acuminatus. The isolate was Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, coccus-shaped, and formed pale orange colonies. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and genome sequences showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Tessaracoccus in the phylum Actinobacteria and was closely related to T. flavescens SST-39T, T. defluvii JCM 17540T, and T. aquimaris NSG39T, with the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.5 % and a highest average nucleotide identity (ANI) value of 80.6 %. The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω9c and anteiso-C15 : 0. The main respiratory quinone was MK-9 (H4). The major polar lipid components were phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.0 %. The isolate contains ʟʟ-diaminopimelic acid, ʟ-alanine, and ʟ-lysine as amino acid components, and ribose, glucose, and galactose as sugar components of the cell wall peptidoglycan. The results of phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic analyses suggested that strain HDW20T represents a novel species within the genus Tessaracoccus. We propose the name Tessaracoccus coleopterorum sp. nov. The type strain is HDW20T (=KACC 21348T=KCTC 49324T=JCM 33674T).

Flaviflexus ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of the oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana.

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, coccobacillus-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain H23T48T, was isolated from the faecal sample of an oriental stork collected from the Seoul Grand Park Zoo in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Optimal growth of strain H23T48T was observed at 30-37 °C, pH 8 and with 3 % (w/v) NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain H23T48T was closely related to the genus Flaviflexus, with 97.0 and 96.7 % sequence similarities to Flaviflexus salsibiostraticola EBR4-1-2T and Flaviflexus huanghaiensis H5T, respectively. Strain H23T48T possessed MK-9(H4) as the major menaquinone and C16 : 0 (42.4 %), C18 : 1 ω9c (31.3 %) and C14 : 0 (17.7 %) as the major cellular fatty acids. The polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids, six unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified glycophospholipids. The amino acid composition of the cell-wall peptidoglycan was l-alanine, l-lysine, d-glutamic acid, l-aspartic acid and glycine. The genomic G+C content of strain H23T48T is 59.5 mol% and the average nucleotide identity value between H23T48T and F. salsibiostraticola KCT C33148T (=EBR4-1-2T) is 75.5 %. Based on the obtained data, strain H23T48T represents a novel species of the genus Flaviflexus, for which the name Flaviflexus ciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H23T48T (=KCTC 49253T=JCM 33282T).

Jeotgalibaca ciconiae sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of an Oriental stork.

A novel, Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated strain H21T32T, was isolated from the faeces of an Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana. Cells formed cocci grouped in pairs, tetrads or conglomerates, and colonies on solid medium were pale yellow. Strain H21T32T belonged to the genus Jeotgalibaca, family Carnobacteriaceae, order Lactobacillales and class Bacilli. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strain showed 97.06-97.34, 96.17-96.31 and 95.93-96.07 % similarity to the type strains of Jeotgalibaca arthritidis, J. porci and J. dankookensis, respectively. The strain grew at 10-37 °C (optimum temperature: 30 °C), with 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum salinity: 0.5 %) and at pH 7-9 (optimum pH: 8). The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1 ω9c, C18 : 1 ω9c and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. Respiratory quinones were not detected. Sugar components of the peptidoglycan were rhamnose, ribose and glucose. Amino acid components of the cell wall were l-alanine, d-glucose, l-lysine, glycine and aspartic acid. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 37.1 mol%. Average nucleotide identity between strain H21T32T and J. arthritidis CECT 9157T was 77.02 %, confirming that strain H21T32T represents a novel species of the genus Jeotgalibaca, for which the name Jeotgalibaca ciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H21T32T (=KCTC 33991T=JCM 33222T).

Tabrizicola piscis sp. nov., isolated from the intestinal tract of a Korean indigenous freshwater fish, Acheilognathus koreensis.

A novel Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium, designated strain K13M18T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Korean indigenous fish, oily bitterling (Acheilognathus koreensis). Strain K13M18T formed creamy-pink colonies on a marine agar plate. Results of phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity indicated that strain K13M18T was most closely related to Tabrizicola sediminis DRYC-M-16T, sharing 97.62 % similarity with that strain. Strain K13M18T belonged to the genus Tabrizicola, which formed a cluster with Tabrizicola aquatica RCRI19T, Tabrizicola fusiformis SY72T, Tabrizicola sediminis DRYC-M-16T and Tabrizicola alkalilacus DJCT in a phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strain K13M18T grown optimally in 0 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 7 and 30 °C, in a marine broth medium. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c and C18 : 1 ω6c. The major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone Q-10. Polar lipids of strain K13M18T contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, diphosphatidylglycerol, six unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. Based on genome sequencing, the DNA G+C content of strain K13M18T was 64.08 mol %, with an average nucleotide identity value, calculated by a comparative genomic analysis of strains K13M18T and T. sediminis DRYC-M-16T, of 74.82 %. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic, and phenotypic information, strain K13M18T is proposed to be a novel species of the genus Tabrizicola. The type strain is K13M18T (=KCTC 62659T=JCM 33230T).

Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the Korean scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, reddish-orange-coloured, gliding bacterial strain, designated L12M1T, was isolated from the gut of the Korean scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain L12M1T formed a monophyletic clade with the strains in the genus Flammeovirga and showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flammeovirga kamogawensis YS10T (98.66 %). The major cellular fatty acids of strain L12M1T were iso-C15 : 0 and C20 : 4ω6,9,12,15c. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The major polyamines were spermidine, cadaverine and the minor polyamine was putrescine. The DNA G+C content was 32.1 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic, biochemical, chemotaxonomic and genotypic results indicated that strain L12M1T represents a novel species of the genus Flammeovirga, for which the name Flammeovirga pectinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L12M1T (=KCTC 62750T=JCM 33169T).

Undibacterium piscinae sp. nov., isolated from Korean shiner intestine.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, obligate aerobic, motile, rod-shaped, and flagellated bacterium, designated S11R28T, was isolated from the intestinal tract of a Korean shiner, Coreoleuciscus splendidus. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain S11R28T was identified as member of the genus Undibacterium in class Betaproteobacteria, and was closely related to Undibacterium parvum DSM 23061T (98.49 %). The isolate grew at 4-25 °C, pH 6-9, with 0 % (w/v) NaCl, and grew optimally at 20 °C, pH 8, in the absence of NaCl. The main cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 and summed features 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The strain possessed diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine as predominant polar lipids, and ubiquinone Q-8 as a respiratory quinone. The polyamine profile composed of 2-hydroxyputrescine, spermidine, putrescine, and benzoic acid. A genomic DNA G+C content was 51.4 mol%. The average nucleotide identity between strains S11R28T and U. parvum DSM 23061T was 78.66 %. Thus, Undibacterium piscinae can be considered a novel species within the genus Undibacterium with the type strain S11R28T (=KCTC 62668T=JCM 33224T).

Iodobacter ciconiae sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from feces of oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, non-violet-pigmented, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain H11R3T, was isolated from the feces of Oriental stork, Ciconia boyciana, collected from Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that H11R3T formed a monophyletic clade with Iodobacter fluviatilisDSM 3764T, Iodobacter arcticusDSM 100243T, and Iodobacter limnosediminisDSM 103822T, with sequence similarities of 98.8, 98.6 and 98.4 %, respectively. H11R3T grew optimally at 15 °C, pH 8, with 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8), and polar lipids included phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified lipids, four unidentified phospholipids, and two unidentified aminophospholipids. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 and C16 : 0, and the DNA G+C content of the genome is 48.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) value between strains H11R3T and I. fluviatilis NCTC 11159T (=DSM 3764T) is 83.7 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain H11R3T represents a novel species of the genus Iodobacter for which the name Iodobacterciconiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is H11R3T (=KCTC 62666T=JCM 33283T).

Pseudorhodobacter turbinis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the Korean turban shell, Turbo cornutus.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, coccus-shaped, aerobic and motile bacterial strain, designated S12M18T, was isolated from the gut of the Korean turban shell, Turbo cornutus. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain S12M18T belonged to the genus Pseudorhodobacter and had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity twith Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris HDW-19T (98.63 %). The phylogenomic tree congruently verified that strain S12M18T occupies a taxonomic position within the genus Pseudorhodobacter. The OrthoANIu value between strain S12M18T and P. aquimaris HDW-19T was 87.22 %. The major cellular fatty acid of strain S12M18T was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c or C18 : 1 ω6c). The major components of the polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The DNA G＋C content was 57.8 mol%. The polyphasic analyses indicated that strain S12M18T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, for which the name Pseudorhodobacter turbinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S12M18T (=KCTC 62742T=JCM 33168T).